Available Project Topics

On this page, we provide the current project topics we offer. The project topics can be adapted for Diploma Theses, Master Theses, Bachelor Theses, Research Projects, Student Reports (Fachstudien), and Study Projects. It is also possible to submit your own proposal for a project.

Interested in our project topics or you have your own proposal? Please send your inquiry to scsp@iaas.uni-stuttgart.de.

When sending the inquiry, please consider the following:

• You are a student enrolled in a study program offered by or associated with the Computer Science department.
• The inquiry includes one or more of the topics below.
• In the case of your own proposal, describe the topic and its relevance to our research interests. 

We receive many inquiries, so we ask for your patience in waiting for an answer. If you do not hear from us within two weeks, please send a reminder to the same email address.

We are looking for a student interested in technology transfer for which funds are available. Please contact Prof. Aiello if you are interested in exploring this opportunity.

Gear failure caused by pitting is one of the leading reasons of downtime of gear units in industrial plants and systems. As soon as a pitting exceeds a size of 4 % in relation to the size of the tooth flank, the gear is considered as failed. An adaptive operating strategy applies a load reduction of a damaged tooth by the means of torque variation to increase the Remaining Useful Life. A usage scenario for such an adaptive operating strategy can be, e.g., the gears of wind power drives to make them last longer and reduce the need for repairs or replacements.
In cooperation with the Institute of Machine Elements, we offer the opportunity to develop a holistic operating strategy to reduce gear wearing. The objective of this work is, therefore, to design and implement a software solution that realizes the adaptive operating strategy by evaluating sensor data and proposing correcting operating modes, e.g., by using machine learning, control theory, or any other means suitable for self-adaptive systems. The resulting system can then be evaluated using real hardware on our test bench.

Keywords: Self-adaptive Systems, Operating Strategies, Gears, Wind Power Drives, Sustainability

Literature:

[1] D. Weyns, An introduction to self-adaptive systems - A comtemporary software engineering perspective, ser. Wiley - IEEE. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, Oct. 2020. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119574910

[2] Y. Gretzinger, “Steigerung der nutzbaren Restlebensdauer von Zahnrädern durch
eine adaptive Betriebsstrategie,” 2022. [Online]. Available: http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/12162

Supervisors: Robin Pesl, M.Sc. / Lisa Binanzer, M. Sc.

In 1992, Nagel and Schreckenberg presented a cellular model of traffic that with just four rules describes quite well highway traffic behavior. In the proposed project, the idea is to research a similar model for motorcycle platooning. Starting from maps of winding roads of the black forest, the goal is to build a cellular automata model of a platoon of motorcycles driving through those roads; i.e., to model the behaviour of a group of motorcyclists that are driving together without passing each other. 

Possible metrics for evaluation are the acceleration/deceleration of vehicles depending on position in the platoon, how fun a road is based on the patter of curves and the size of the platoon and how often it is necessary to brake beacuse of a motorcycle in front, comparison with original car traffic model.

Literature:

[1] Nagel, K.; Schreckenberg, M. (1992). "A cellular automaton model for freeway traffic" (PDF). Journal de Physique I. 2 (12): 2221. Bibcode:1992JPhy1...2.2221N. doi:10.1051/jp1:1992277. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-11.

[2] Meng, J. P., Dai, S. Q., Dong, L. Y., & Zhang, J. F. (2007). Cellular automaton model for mixed traffic flow with motorcycles. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 380, 470-480.

[3] Lan, L. W., Chiou, Y. C., Lin, Z. S., & Hsu, C. C. (2010). Cellular automaton simulations for mixed traffic with erratic motorcycles’ behaviours. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 389(10), 2077-2089.

[4] http://modelingcommons.org/browse/one_model/4806#model_tabs_browse_nlw

Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Marco Aiello 

Electric Vehicles (eV) have a battery size that can vary from few KWh to almost 100 KWh. These are frequently connected to the power grid to charge. Several researchers have proposed the idea that these batteries can also be used to store grid electricity and provided it back to grid during peak demand periods. The research proposed here is to assess technical solutions to make the eV an integral part of the power grid, to study individual strategies based on dynamic pricing for incentivising eV integration, and to assess the economic viability of such approaches.

Literature

P. P. Malya, L. Fiorini, M. Rouhani, and M. Aiello (2021) Electric Vehicles as Distribution Grid Batteries: A Reality Check, Energy Informatics, Springer, 4(Suppl 2):2.

A. P. Lopes, F. J. Soares and P. M. R. Almeida, "Integration of Electric Vehicles in the Electric Power System," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 168-183, Jan. 2011.

Francis Mwasilu, Jackson John Justo, Eun-Kyung Kim, Ton Duc Do, Jin-Woo Jung, “Electric vehicles and smart grid interaction: A review on vehicle to grid and renewable energy sources integration,” in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 34, no. 6, pp 501-516, Jun. 2014.

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Marco Aiello

Software running on data centres and personal computers is responsible for a large amount of energy consumption and consequent emissions worldwide. At the same time, it is very difficult to perform an accurate measure of energy consumption for individual software program and its individual components, this is also due to the current software engineering practices of layering and virtualisation. For this research project you are asked to look into energy models for software, energy accountability for software, comparing the running of the same algorithm on different platforms for measuring the energy consumption, etc.

Literature

[1] S. Miller and C. Lerche (2022) Sustainability with Rust. AWS Open Source Blog. Online: https://aws.amazon.com/de/blogs/opensource/sustainability-with-rust/. 

[2] Green Software Lab (2018) Energy Efficiency in Programming Languages (source code of 10 benchmarks implemented in 28 programming languages). GitHub. Online: https://github.com/greensoftwarelab/Energy-Languages. 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Marco Aiello, Dr. Dinesh Reddy Vemula

The goal is to investigate the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in generating and correcting planning domain models and executing complex cognitive tasks, specifically focusing on planning and reasoning. Although traditionally used for language processing based on probabilistic retrieval methods, LLMs such as GPT-3 have shown unexpected linguistic behaviors, raising questions about their potential in more structured cognitive domains. The project will methodically evaluate LLM's performance in generating plans for a series of planning tasks derived from domains (e.g., those of the International Planning Competition) and in generating and correcting domain models.

Literature:

Kambhampati, Subbarao, et al. "LLMs Can't Plan, But Can Help Planning in LLM-Modulo Frameworks." arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.01817 (2024).

Kambhampati, S. (2024). Can large language models reason and plan?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

Huang, W., Abbeel, P., Pathak, D., & Mordatch, I. (2022, June). Language models as zero-shot planners: Extracting actionable knowledge for embodied agents. In International Conference on Machine Learning (pp. 9118-9147). PMLR.

Pallagani, V., Muppasani, B., Murugesan, K., Rossi, F., Srivastava, B., Horesh, L., ... & Loreggia, A. (2023). Understanding the capabilities of large language models for automated planning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.16151.

Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Marco Aiello / Dr. Ilche Georgievski / Ebaa Alnazer, M.Sc.

Explore how Large Language Models (LLMs), like GPT-4, can revolutionize automated service composition. This project focuses on the integration of LLMs into the service composition pipeline, transforming how adaptive information systems are constructed from loosely-coupled network services. The research is about delving into novel methods for unsupervised service composition, orchestration, and testing. Possible projects involve:

• Comparing LLMs for the task of service discovery, service composition, service orchestration
• Composition code generation with LLMs and their deployment
• Composition testing and validation

Literature:

Aiello, M., & Georgievski, I. (2023). Service composition in the ChatGPT era. Service Oriented Computing and Applications, 17(4), 233-238.

Pesl, R. D., Stötzner, M., Georgievski, I., & Aiello, M. (2023, November). Uncovering LLMs for Service-Composition: Challenges and Opportunities. In International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing (pp. 39-48). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.

Wolfram, S.: What Is ChatGPT Doing ... and Why Does It Work? Wolfram Research, Incorporated, Champaign, Illinois (2023)Bubeck, S., Chandrasekaran, V., Eldan, R., Gehrke, J., Horvitz, E., Kamar, E., Lee, P., Lee, Y.T., Li, Y., Lundberg, S., Nori, H., Palangi, H., Ribeiro, M.T., Zhang, Y.: Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT- 4. Technical Report 2303.12712, arXiv (2023)

Meyer, B.: What do ChatGPT and AI-based automatic program generation mean for the future of software. BLOG@Communications of the ACM 12 (2022)

Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Marco Aiello / Dr. Ilche Georgievski / Robin Pesl, M.Sc.

The game of poker is interesting in that it combines elements of stochasticity, reasoning, risk awareness, opponent modeling, and decision making with hidden information. The goal of this project is to study components that are necessary to build a successful AI poker player. Most notably:

1) HTN Planning techniques that include risk-awareness

2) Accurate opponent modeling based on game hand history

3) Dynamic evaluation of the current state of the game based on hand history, stack values, and position

4) Adaptation of strategies to type of game played (number of tables, speed, limits, etc.)

The case study will be online No-Limit Hold 'em Multi-Table Tournaments.

Keywords: AI Poker Player, AI Planning, Risk Awareness

Literature:

[1] Jonathan Rubin, Ian Watson (2011) Computer poker: A review, Artificial Intelligence, 172(5-6): 958-987

[2] Darse Billings, Aaron Davidson, Jonathan Schaeffer, Duane Szafron (2002) The challenge of poker, Artificial Intelligence, 134(1-2):201-240

[3] Dan Harrington, Bill Robertie (2014) Harrington on Modern Tournament Poker: How to Play No-Limit Hold 'em Multi-Table Tournaments, Perfect Paperback 

Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Marco Aiello / Dr. Ilche Georgievski / Ebaa Alnazer, M.Sc.

• Distribution Systems Modelling and analysis
• Failures Modelling/Prediction on Power Systems
• Extreme Climate Events
• Renewable Sources of Electricity Production
• Resource Allocation on Distribution Systems

Topic descriptions are available upon request.

Supervisor: Matheus de Souza Sant'Anna Fogliatto, MSc

• Application of probabilistic graphical models to Critical Infrastructure
• Analysis of failure response in energy systems using probabilistic models
• Resource allocation for smart and/or microgrids using probabilistic models
• Utilization of Bayesian Networks, Bayesian Inference, and Bayesian Models in engineering complex systems

Topic descriptions are available upon request.

Supervisor: Henrique de Oliveira Caetano, MSc

With the increment of CO2 emission, the world energy consumption, and the diversity in energy sources (finite and renewable), the goals of building management systems are widened to include cutting energy consumption; hence preserving finite resources, using non-carbon sources when possible to lower the CO2 footprint, and lowering costs for consumers and businesses while preserving users comfort [2]. This is especially true for buildings that are connected to a smart grid, which makes it possible to include renewable sources and provides dynamic pricing and energy offers coming from competing providers [4]. The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) offers significant opportunities to improve the limited control capabilities offered by current building management systems [5]. In other words, equipping commercial buildings with different sensors and actuators allows management systems to make informed and "smart" decisions to control the environment and adjust it towards satisfying predefined objectives, such as energy saving. This "smartness" implies automating the decision-making process. Artificial Intelligence (AI) planning fits perfectly for this purpose since it offers automation techniques to intelligently search and compose a sequence of actions, i.e., plans when executed, can achieve a predefined set of goals [6].

Planning in such domains is challenging due to several types of uncertainty, e.g., weather forecasting, demand forecasting, and market prices forecasting [3, 2]. Consider the following example. A smart building is connected to a smart grid and has the goal of maintaining economical and environmental sustainability. The building can get its electricity from two different sources; either from stored electricity generated locally by renewable resources or from electric utilities with varying prices and energy offers. The choice of whether to consume the locally generated electricity or the purchasing it from outside sources should be made under uncertainty about the future market prices and the future weather forecast. In many approaches, AI planning problems are modelled with uncertainties about the action outcomes in mind; hence the resulting plans in such approaches are of a probabilistic nature [7, 1].

The aim of this project is to develop an AI planning-based approach in such domains. This involves defining the entities that are part of these domains, defining the types of uncertainty that can arise in these domains, modelling the AI planning problem by using a standard syntax that can model some sort of uncertainty, e.g., PPDDL [8], solving the planning problem using existing AI planners that can deal with uncertainties, and evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Keywords: sustainable buildings, Internet of Things, AI planning

Literature

[1] Blythe, J.: An overview of planning under uncertainty. Artificial Intelligence Today, pp. 85-110 (1999).

[2] Fiorini, L., Aiello, M.: Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey. Energy Reports 5, 1048-1076 (2019).

[3] Fiorini, L., Aiello, M.: Predictive multi-objective scheduling with dynamic prices and marginal CO2-emission intensities. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems. pp. 196-207 (2020).

[4] Georgievski, I.: Coordinating services embedded everywhere via hierarchical planning. Ph.D. thesis, University of Groningen (2015).

[5] Georgievski, I., Nguyen, T.A., Nizamic, F., Setz, B., Lazovik, A., Aiello, M.: Planning meets activity recognition: Service coordination for intelligent buildings. Pervasive and Mobile Computing 38, 110-139 (2017).

[6] Ghallab, M., Nau, D., Traverso, P.: Automated Planning: theory and practice. Elsevier (2004).

[7] Koenig, S., Simmons, R.G.: Risk-sensitive planning with probabilistic decision graphs. In: Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. pp. 363-373. Elsevier (1994).

[8] Younes, H.L., Littman, M.L.: PPDDL1. 0: An extension to PDDL for expressing planning domains with probabilistic effects. Techn. Rep. CMU-CS-04-162 2, 99 (2004).

Supervisor: Ebaa Alnazer, M.Sc.

Autonomous Mobile robots can navigate through indoor spaces to support and render services to humans through interaction and collaboration with them. As the use of service robots has become popular, beneficial, and has a relatively low purchase cost, we are exploring the use of service robots in intelligent office buildings. This project aims to study Topology and Semantic Mapping, a crucial aspect of autonomous mobile robot navigation and path planning. The work is mostly experimental but requires a study of related work to guide you through the research project's progress.

The main research question is: Can Topological and Semantic Mapping of an indoor environment improve Human to Robot Interaction and Collaboration of a service robot, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of such Maps?

The answer to the question would involve carrying out the following tasks;

• A Study of Literature on the Conversion of Grid Map to Topology and Semantic Mapping. State of the Art is not limited to research using papers. One can find Github repositories with similar implementations using gazebo simulation or in real-life conditions. Media Channels such as Youtube could be of assistance.
• Building a Grid Map using ROS SLAM package.
• Designing a Topological Map from the Grid Map composed of Nodes (Places) and Edges (Paths connecting Places), i.e., a graph to Map the paths and Static Objects/Destinations.
• Designing a Semantic Map from the Topological Map and using it for path planning for robot navigation with an obstacle detection feature.
• Employing the use of ROSPlan package for robot navigation using a Semantic Map.
• Employing the use of ROS localization package for sensor fusion.
• Lidar Sensor and Sonar sensors will be used in this project for pose estimation, navigation, and obstacle detection and avoidance.

Keywords: Service Robotics, SLAM, Robot Navigation, Path Planning, AI Planning

Prerequisites: The Student requires a Knowledge of AI Planning, ROS, Docker, Python or C++ programming language, and Microcontrollers.

Literature

Supervisor: Nasiru Aboki (M.Sc.)

Augmented Reality (AR) involves superimposing digital content into real-life environments. The AR content is usually interactive and is used to enhance the real-time experience of the user. 
AR is used in various aspects of our lives, from entertainment to healthcare. For navigational purposes in outdoor environments, a Google Maps application uses a GPS data signal and AR in a live-view mode in the form of a directional arrow to guide a user to a destination while also displaying distance information to the goal and with pit point accuracy.
The ease of path planning in an indoor environment to perform a task can be a daunting task, especially when one has to navigate to and from a waypoint or an already visited destination and also recognize objects or points of interest while going about an activity.

This project aims to explore the use of AR to ease the challenges of real-time navigation, path planning, and location assistance in an indoor environment.
To accomplish the objective, the idea is to investigate using a hardware sensor for mapping an indoor environment using AR technology and identify points of interest while mapping the environment. Recognizing static objects as points of interest (POI) could also teach the robot about its position and orientation on a given map.
The implementation needs to be evaluated to compare its merits and demerits against state of the art in indoor robot navigation.

The project tasks include:

• Study papers on AR and how it can be used with a Map to aid location assistance and navigation in indoor environments.
• With a Pre-Map of an indoor environment, implement robot navigation using AR.
• Employ the use of the ROSPlan package for robot navigation.
• Kinetic RGB-D Cam and Lidar sensors will be used for the project.
• An AR arrow displays the robot's distance from objects on a screen (RviZ) and can be used for object avoidance. A Lidar provides scan messages with ranges of identified objects with its field of view (FOV).
• Having Points of interest (POI) can be an easy way to identify static content, e.g., tables, and this is possible with technology like Positional optical character recognition (OCR).
  Platforms like INDOAR: Indoor Navigation with Augmented Reality provide AR services that can be used in living spaces.

Keywords: Service Robotics, SLAM, Robot Navigation, Path Planning, AI Planning, Augmented Reality, Computer Vision

Prerequisites: The Student requires a Knowledge of AI Planning, ROS, MQTT, Docker, Python, or C++ programming language.

Literature

[1] Huang, B.-C.; Hsu, J.; Chu, E.T.-H.; Wu, H.-M. ARBIN: Augmented Reality Based Indoor Navigation System. Sensors 2020, 20, 5890. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205890

[2] A. Corotan and J. J. Z. Irgen-Gioro, "An Indoor Navigation Robot Using Augmented Reality," 2019 5th International Conference on Control, Automation and Robotics (ICCAR), Beijing, China, 2019, pp. 111-116, doi: 10.1109/ICCAR.2019.8813348.

[3]  Makhataeva, Z.; Varol, H.A. Augmented Reality for Robotics: A Review. Robotics 2020, 9, 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics9020021

[4] Neges, M., Koch, C., K ̈onig, M., Abramovici, M.: Combining visual natural markers and imu for improved ar based indoor navigation. Advanced Engineering Informatics 31, 18–31 (2017). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2015.10.005,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474034615001081, towards a new generation of the smart built environment

[5] Patel, V.: Augmented reality-based indoor navigation using point cloud localization. Ph.D. thesis, Laurentian University of Sudbury (2021)

[6] Papcun, P., Cabadaj, J., Kaj ́ati, E., Romero, D., Landryov ́a, L., Vascak, J., Zolotov ́a, I.: Augmented reality for humans-robots interaction in dynamic slotting “chaotic storage” smart warehouses. pp. 633–641 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30000-577

Supervisor: Nasiru Aboki (M.Sc.)

Deep learning has enabled machines with the ability to use computer vision to classify objects to make decisions. Many of the classified objects have similar features, which have enabled them to be grouped under a general name, such as a dog, cat, or a building. Some object classifications even go into extra detail about the objects to identify their color, pose, dimensions, etc.
In an intelligent living space involving sensors and actuators, a robot can use visual perception to recognize the smart environments in its environment and use intents to control a set of devices.
This project aims to enable a robot to identify specific devices within its field of view (FOV) to control them collectively or individually or to provide data about the device's state, for example, if a lamp is in an off or an on State.
To address this task, knowledge of how a service-oriented architecture operates is necessary, as well as the various technologies that can be used within it.
The project tasks include:

• A design and implementation of a system based on a service-oriented architecture that will be used to discover and control smart devices by a robot.
• The student will be given perception modules to study and use for service composition and orchestration. 
• The system design should allow a human to query the robot to identify and control objects in its field of view (FOV) or provide its state.
• An evaluation of the system's performance will be investigated and reported, also stating significance and comparison or contrast to the state of the art of how robots perceive and control smart systems.

Keywords: Service-Oriented Architecture, AI Planning, MQTT, Computer Vision, Python Programming, Docker, NLP

Prerequisites: The Student requires a Knowledge of AI Planning, ROS, MQTT, Docker, Python, or C++ programming language.

Literature

[4] J. Hua, S. Lee, G. -C. Roman and C. Julien, "ArcIoT: Enabling Intuitive Device Control in the Internet of Things through Augmented Reality," 2021 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops and other Affiliated Events (PerCom Workshops), Kassel, Germany, 2021, pp. 558-564, doi: 10.1109/PerComWorkshops51409.2021.9431115.

Supervisor: Nasiru Aboki (M.Sc.)

An AI Virtual assistant can understand natural language commands to accomplish a set of tasks for a user.
Google Assistant, Alexa, and Siri are some of the popular Virtual Assistants that are commercially available and are widely used in phones, smart speakers and TVs, and car Infotainment Systems.
AI Large Language models (LLM) have become a hot topic since the release of Open-AI's Chat-GPT (3 or 4) and then Google Bard, based on LaMDA (Language Model for Dialog Applications).
Building a Voice Assistant requires using many open-sourced libraries. Still, it takes a lot of effort to set the frameworks up for training, to recognize a wake-up word, or to recognize specific topics.
Given the vast knowledge of an LLM, it is expected that you would require less effort to set it up a Voice Assistant than the aforementioned approach. In the proposed research, we would like to explore the possibility of using one of the free versions available (ChatGPT or Google Bard) as a virtual assistant for a robot.

Tasks will involve research in the field of LLM, and the virtual assistant capabilities expected are; the virtual assistant being able to make a conversation once it is in contact with an individual, having the ability to respond to a name when called, having the ability to provide answers to general questions, having the ability to make use of intents to control IoT devices in the smart lab, having access to a database and service repository to store and/or retrieve data, and having access to a service repository to store retrieve information to inform a user or orchestrate an actuation.

Keywords: Virtual Voice Assistant, Large Language Models, ROS, ChatGPT, Google Bard, NLP

Prerequisites: The Student requires a Knowledge of ROS, MQTT, and Docker, Python, or C++ programming language.

Literature

Supervisor: Nasiru Aboki (M.Sc.)

To obtain a Ubiquitous Robot, A Ubiquitous Infrasture is necessary. We intend to leverage our Living Lab to demonstrate the integration of an Autonomous Robot into a Ubiquitous office that takes advantage of the existing sensors to increase its perception of its environment and enable it to orchestrate more tasks efficiently and effectively.

Tasks

1. To Set Up and Maintain a  State of the Art Living Lab
2. Discover and Integrate the Robot as an Entity in the Living Lab
3.  To Perform use cases to investigate the performance of the ubiquitous robot

Keywords: ROS, IoT, Ubiquitous Robotics, Service Discovery, AI Planning, Service-Oriented Architecture, Ubiquitous Office Spaces

Prerequisites: The Student requires a Knowledge of ROS, MQTT, Docker, Python, or C++ programming language.

Literature

Supervisor: Nasiru Aboki (M.Sc.)

Energy consumption must be considered when automating a mobile robot because it will determine the length of execution of the robotic system. 
The number of algorithms required and executing at runtime to give the robot robust perception and the ability to act in real-time will also be considered.
We want to consider energy consciousness to build an energy-efficient system enabling the robot to last longer while battery-powered and during orchestrations. 
We will also investigate the power consumption of resources in the smart lab and look for a way to clamp it down.
The carbon footprint and CO₂ emissions produced will also be measured for robot tasks.

Tasks

1. To model several robot orchestrations as use cases and measure the system's energy consumption during execution (Start to Finish). 
2. To develop an energy-efficient system model for an autonomous robot.

Keywords: ROS, IoT, Ubiquitous Robotics, Service Discovery, AI Planning, Service-Oriented Architecture, Ubiquitous Office Spaces

Prerequisites: The Student requires a Knowledge of ROS, MQTT, Docker, Python, or C++ programming language.

Literature

[1] Achim Guldner, Rabea Bender, Coral Calero, Giovanni S Fernando, Markus
Funke, Jens Gr ̈oger, Lorenz M Hilty, Julian H ̈ornschemeyer, Geerd-Dietger
Hoffmann, Dennis Junger, et al. 2024. Development and evaluation of a
reference measurement model for assessing the resource and energy efficiency
of software products and components—Green Software Measurement Model
(GSMM). Future Generation Computer Systems (2024).

[2] Renan Maidana, Roger Granada, Darlan Jurak, Maur ́ıcio Cec ́ılio Mag-
naguagno, Felipe Rech Meneguzzi, and Alexandre de Morais Amory. 2020.
Energy-aware path planning for autonomous mobile robot navigation. In
Proceedings of the 33rd International Florida Artificial Intelligence Confer-
ence, 2020, Estados Unidos.

[3] Ivano Malavolta, Katerina Chinnappan, Stan Swanborn, Grace A Lewis,
and Patricia Lago. 2021. Mining the ROS ecosystem for green architectural
tactics in robotics and an empirical evaluation. In 2021 IEEE/ACM 18th
International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR). IEEE,
300–311.

[4] Milica ordevi ́c, Michel Albonico, Grace A Lewis, Ivano Malavolta, and Pa-
tricia Lago. 2023. Computation offloading for ground robotic systems com-
municating over WiFi–an empirical exploration on performance and energy
trade-offs. Empirical Software Engineering 28, 6 (2023), 140.

[5] Stan Swanborn and Ivano Malavolta. 2021. Robot runner: a tool for auto-
matically executing experiments on robotics software. In 2021 IEEE/ACM
43rd International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Pro-
ceedings (ICSE-Companion). IEEE, 33–36

Supervisor: Nasiru Aboki (M.Sc.)